Yahoo Interview Question for Computer Scientists


Country: United States
Interview Type: In-Person




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3
of 3 vote

http://ideone.com/MV0Sd

- loveCoding October 17, 2012 | Flag Reply
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1
of 1 vote

public class MatrixPaths {
	
	public static void printpaths(int[][] matrix) {	
		int[] path = new int[matrix.length];
		for (int i = 0; i < matrix[0].length; i++)
			printpaths(matrix, path, 0, 0, i);
	}
	
	private static void printpaths(int[][] matrix, int[] path, int index, int row, int column) {
		path[index++] = matrix[row][column];
		row++;
		if (row == matrix.length)
			print(path);
		else if (row < matrix.length) {
			for (int i = column - 1; i <= column + 1; i++)
				if (i > -1 && i < matrix[0].length)
					printpaths(matrix, path, index, row, i);
		}
	}
	
	private static void print(int[] path) {
		for (int i = 0; i < path.length; i++)
			System.out.print(path[i] + " ");
		System.out.println();
	}
	
	
	public static void main(String args[]) {
		int[][] matrix = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
		printpaths(matrix);
	}
}

- Anonymous November 11, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

also provide the efficiency of algo.

- junk.programmer October 17, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

DFS will help... count the node "value" at every step... sum of those counts along a path will be the sum of that path...

- JustCoding October 17, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

public class PossiblePaths {
	
	private static List<String> getPath(int[][] a,int row, int col, int sum){
		if(row <0 || row > 2)
			return new ArrayList<String>();
		if(col < 0 || col > 2)
			return new ArrayList<String>();
		List<String> paths = new ArrayList<String>();
		//sum = sum + a[row][col];
		paths.addAll(getPath(a,row+1,col-1,0));
		paths.addAll(getPath(a,row+1,col,0));
		paths.addAll(getPath(a,row+1,col+1,0));
		for(int i =0;i<paths.size();i++){
			paths.set(i,String.valueOf(a[row][col]) + "-->"+paths.get(i));
		}
		if(paths.isEmpty()){
			paths.add(String.valueOf(a[row][col]));
		}
		return paths;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] argv){
		int a[][] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
		List<String> paths = getPath(a,0,0,0);
		for(String path: paths){
			System.out.println(path.toString());
		}
	}

}

- jenish.shah October 17, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;

#define ROW 3
#define COL 3

void print_path(char mat[ROW][COL], int i, int j, string path) {
  if(i==ROW-1) {
    cout<<path<<mat[i][j]<<endl;
    return;
  }

  // move row-wise down-left
  if(i+1<ROW) {
    // 
    if(j-1>=0)	
      print_path(mat, i+1, j-1,path+mat[i][j]);

    // move down
    print_path(mat, i+1, j,path+mat[i][j]);

    // move down-right
    if(j+1<COL)
      print_path(mat,i+1, j+1,path+mat[i][j]);
  }
}


int main() {
  char mat[ROW][COL] = {{'1','2','3'},{'4','5','6'},{'7','8','9'}};
  
  print_path(mat, 0, 0, "");
  //print_path(mat, 0, 1, "");

  //for(int i=0;i<ROW; i++){
  //  for(int j=0; j<COL; j++) {
  //    print_path(mat, i, j, "");
  //  }
  //}
  return 0;
}

- mr October 18, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

As the search space is exhaustive we can use backtracking.
At each step the next possible option is (x-1, y+1), (x, y+1), (x+1, y+1)
modify this to return the distance till bottom as well and return the max of these three along with the current pt. to get the max path.

- Srikant Aggarwal October 18, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

Solution prints all possible paths allowed and returns the path with the max sum.

final int MAX_SIZE = 10;
int matrix[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE];
class Foo{
 String sting;
 int data;
}
String printPaths(int row, int col){
 Foo foo = printPathsRecursive(int row, int col, "");
 return(foo.string);
}
Foo printPathsRecursive(int row, int col, Sting prevPath){
 if(row < 0 || col < 0 || row >= MAX_SIZE || col >= MAX_SIZE)
  return(null);
 if(row == MAX_SIZE){
  Foo foo= new Foo();
  foo.string = prePath + matrix[row][col];
  foo.data = matrix[row][col];
  System.out.println(foo.string);
  return(foo);
 }
 String path = new String(prevPath);
 path += matrix[row][col] + "-";
 Foo path1 = printPaths(row+1, col, path);
 Foo path2 = printPaths(row+1, col+1, path);
 Foo path3 = printPaths(row+1, col-1, path);
 if(path1 != null && (path2 == null || path1.data >= path2.data) && (path3 == null || path1.data >= path3.data)){
  path1.data += matrix[row][col];
  return(path1);
 }
 if(path2 != null && (path1 == null || path2.data >= path1.data) && (path3 == null || path2.data >= path3.data)){
  path2.data += matrix[row][col];
  return(path2);
 }
 if(path3 != null && (path2 == null || path3.data >= path2.data) && (path1 == null || path3.data >= path1.data)){
  path3.data += matrix[row][col];
  return(path3);
 }
}

- CodeSpace October 19, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

What's the timing complexity of the recursive solution for this problem?

- crazyPirate October 22, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 votes

&sum;<sub>0</sub><sup>n</sup> 3<sup>n</sup>​

sum of 3 to the power k from k equals 0 to n.

- CodeSpace October 22, 2012 | Flag
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0
of 0 votes

The complexity is not 3^0 + 3^1 + 3^2... + 3^n. See complexity analysis of naiveMaximumPath() below.

- gudujarlson May 02, 2013 | Flag
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0
of 0 vote

downStep function which recurses on one step down in the matrix and returns the maxsum of the paths

public static int downStep(int row, int col, int[][] mat, int[] arr){
		
		if(row>=mat.length || col<0 || col>=mat[0].length){
			return -1;
		}
		
		arr[row] = mat[row][col];
		
		if(row==mat.length-1){
			int sum=0;
			for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
				System.out.print(arr[i]+"-");
				sum+=arr[i];
			}		
			System.out.println();
			return sum;
		}
		
		int sum1 = downStep(row+1,col-1,mat,arr);
		int sum2 = downStep(row+1,col,mat,arr);
		int sum3 = downStep(row+1,col+1,mat,arr);
		return maxOfThree(sum1,sum2,sum3);
	}

This function can be called this way:

int sum = 0;
		int maxSum = 0;
		for(int i=0;i<mat[0].length;i++){
			int arr[] = new int[mat.length];
			arr[0] = mat[0][i];
			sum = downStep(0,i,mat,arr);
			if(sum>maxSum)
				maxSum = sum;
		}
		System.out.println("Maxsum ="+ maxSum);

Other helper function:

public static int maxOfThree(int sum1,int sum2, int sum3){
		if(sum1>=sum2 && sum1>=sum3)
			return sum1;
		if(sum2>=sum3)
			return sum2;
		else return sum3;
	}

- srav November 25, 2012 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

void display(int a[3][3],int b[3],int i,int j,int m,int n)
{
	int l;
	if(i<m)
	{
		for(l=0;l<n;l++)
		{
			b[i]=a[i][l];
			display(a,b,i+1,0,m,n);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		printf("\n");
		for(l=0;l<m;l++)
			printf("%d  ",b[l]);

	}
}

- rajivnewid March 07, 2013 | Flag Reply
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0
of 0 vote

void AllPossiblePaths(int **a, int m, int n, int currrow, int currcol, int i)
{
if(currrow < 0 && currrow >= m)
return;
else
{
printf("%d", a[i]);
AllPossiblePaths(a, m, n, currrow -1, currcol +1, i);
AllPossiblePaths(a, m, n, currrow +1, currcol, i);
AllPossiblePaths(a, m,n, currrow +1, currcol+1, i);
}
}

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
int a[][] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
for(int i=0; i< 3, i++)
{
AllPossiblePaths(a, 3, 3, 0, i, i);
}
return 0;
}

- DashDash March 18, 2013 | Flag Reply
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of 0 vote

The path with the maximum sum can to found in O(N*M) time using the following algorithm.

1) Create an auxiliary matrix B to store the maximum sum of a path from a starting node (0,0...N-1) to node x,y
2) Working from top to bottom, set the value of every other node in B to the maximum of value of its 1-3 parents ({x-1,y-1}, {x-1,y}, and {x-1,y+1}). This can be considered to be a breadth first traversal of a DAG and thus this algorithm resembles Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm.
3) Working from bottom to top, follow the path in B with the maximum value (greedy search).

Code follows. I have also included a brute force algorithm and use it to verify the correctness of the faster algorithm. The brute force algorithm could be easily modified to print all possible paths.

public class YahooMaximumPath {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 1x1
		{
			int a[][] = new int[][] {{4}};
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
		// 2x2
		{
			int a[][] = new int[][] {{-4,3},{-9,1}};
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
		// 2x2 all negative
		{
			int a[][] = new int[][] {{-4,-3},{-9,-1}};
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
		// 3x3
		{
			int a[][] = new int[][] {{5,-2,5},{1,5,3},{-8,2,9}};
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
		// 4x4
		{
			int a[][] = new int[][] {{1,8,-3,1},{8,6,-5,1},{1,4,8,9},{-9,-3,4,6}};
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
		// Random
		{
			Random random = new Random();
			int a[][] = new int[2 + Math.abs(random.nextInt()) % 10][2 + Math.abs(random.nextInt()) % 10];
			//int a[][] = new int[3][3];
			for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
				for (int j = 0; j < a[0].length; ++j) {
					a[i][j] = random.nextInt() % 100;
				}
			}
			dumpGraph(a);
			Path maxPath1 = maximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath1 + " = " + maxPath1.sum(a));
			Path maxPath2 = naiveMaximumPath(a);
			System.out.println(maxPath2 + " = " + maxPath2.sum(a));
			assertEquals(maxPath1.sum(a), maxPath2.sum(a));
		}
	}

	static void dumpGraph(int a[][]) {
		for (int b[] : a) {
			System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b));
		}
	}

	static void assertEquals(int i1, int i2) {
		if (i1 != i2) {
			throw new RuntimeException(i1 + " != " + i2);
		}
	}

	static class Path extends ArrayList<int[]> {
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
		public Path() {
		}
		public Path(int capacity) {
			super(capacity);
		}
		public int sum(int a[][]) {
			int sum = 0;
			for (int p[] : this) {
				sum += a[p[0]][p[1]];
			}
			return sum;
		}
		@Override
		public String toString() {
			StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
			for (int a[] : this) {
				buffer.append(Arrays.toString(a) + ", ");
			}
			return buffer.toString();
		}
	}
	
	// Create an auxiliary matrix B to store the maximum sum of a path from a starting node (0,0...N-1) to node x,y 
	// Working from top to bottom, set the value of every other node in B to the maximum of value of its 0-3 parents ({x-1,y-1}, {x-1,y}, and {x-1,y+1}).
	// Working from bottom to top, follow the path in B with the maximum value (greedy search).
	//
	// O(N*M)
	static Path maximumPath(int a[][]) {
		int N = a.length;
		int M = a[0].length;
		
		// Create an auxiliary array to hold sum of path from 0,0...M-1 to x,y.
		int b[][] = new int[N][M];

		// The parents of x,y are {x-1,y-1}, {x-1,y}, and {x-1,y+1}.
		// Iterate over the graph in an order such that a vertex's parents are visited first.
		// It turns out that the most obvious pair of nested loops satisfies this requirement.
		for (int x = 0; x < N; ++x) {
			for (int y = 0; y < M; ++y) {
				int leftParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
				int middleParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
				int rightParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
				if (x > 0) {
					if (y > 0) {
						leftParentSum = b[x-1][y-1];
					}
					middleParentSum = b[x-1][y];
					if (y < M - 1) {
						rightParentSum = b[x-1][y+1];
					}
				}
				// The maximum sum of a path from 0,0...M-1 to x,y is the sum at x,y plus the max sum of the paths to the parents of x,y.
				int max = Math.max(Math.max(leftParentSum, middleParentSum), rightParentSum);
				if (max == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
					max = 0;
				}
				b[x][y] = a[x][y] + max;
			}
		}
		//dumpGraph(b);
		
		Path result = new Path();
		int x = N-1;
		int y = 0;
		// First find the bottom node with the max sum.
		int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
		for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i) {
			if (b[N-1][i] > max) {
				max = b[N-1][i];
				y = i;
			}
		}
		// Now find the path with the max sum by walking the graph backwards choosing the parent with the max sum.
		while (x > 0) {
			result.add(new int[] {x,y});
			int leftParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
			int middleParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
			int rightParentSum = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
			if (y > 0) {
				leftParentSum = b[x-1][y-1];
			}
			middleParentSum = b[x-1][y];
			if (y < M - 1) {
				rightParentSum = b[x-1][y+1];
			}
			if (leftParentSum > middleParentSum && leftParentSum > rightParentSum) {
				y--;
			}
			else if (rightParentSum > middleParentSum) {
				y++;
			}
			x--;
		}
		result.add(new int[] {0,y});
		Collections.reverse(result);
		return result;
	}
	
	// Consider the matrix to be a weighted DAG where all edges leading to a vertex have the same weight.
	// Iterate through all possible paths and pick the one with the maximum sum. 
	//
	// O(bad)
	// 
	// Complexity can be analyzed by calculating the sum of the number of visitations of each node.
	// This visitations of each node can be represented as a NxM matrix where the value at each node is the sum of values of its 1-3 parents.
	// The first row is initialized with the value 1.
	//
	// For 2x2
	// 01 01 
	// 02 02
	// iterations = 1+1+2+2 = 7
	//
	// For 3x3
	// 01 01 01
	// 02 03 02
	// 05 07 05
	// iterations = 1+1+1+2+3+2+5+7+5=27
	//
	// For 4x4
	// 01 01 01 01
	// 02 03 03 02
	// 05 08 08 05
	// 13 21 21 13
	// iterations = 1+1+1+1+2+3+3+2+5+8+8+8+5+13+21+21+13=108
	//
	// This is a finite sequence. I don't know if it's possible to calculate the sum of the sequence in O(1) time. 
	// That is perhaps a problem of its own right.
	static Path naiveMaximumPath(int a[][]) {
		Path path = new Path();
		Path maxPath = new Path();
		int maxSum[] = new int[] {Integer.MIN_VALUE};
		int iterations = 0;
		for (int y = 0; y < a[0].length; ++y) {
			iterations += naiveMaximumPath(a, path, 0, maxPath, maxSum, 0, y);
		}
		System.out.println("iterations=" + iterations);
		return maxPath;
	}

	static int naiveMaximumPath(int a[][], Path path, int sum, Path maxPath, int[] maxSum, int x, int y) {
		int N = a.length;
		int M = a[0].length;
		sum += a[x][y];
		int iterations = 1;
		path.add(new int[] {x,y});
		if (x == N-1) {
			if (sum > maxSum[0]) {
				maxSum[0] = sum;
				maxPath.clear();
				maxPath.addAll(path);
			}
		}
		else {
			if (y > 0) {
				iterations += naiveMaximumPath(a, path, sum, maxPath, maxSum, x+1, y-1);
			}
			iterations += naiveMaximumPath(a, path, sum, maxPath, maxSum, x+1, y);
			if (y < M - 1) {
				iterations += naiveMaximumPath(a, path, sum, maxPath, maxSum, x+1, y+1);
			}
		}
		path.remove(path.size()-1);	
		return iterations;
	}
}

- gudujarlson May 01, 2013 | Flag Reply
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It is very simple to just print out the path but it is a bit more complicated to find the max sum and print out the path.
As there were no solution has done so I'll posted mine which provides the path with the max sum.

I used a list to track the path as recreating it is less expensive operations rather than recreating a string for every call.

/// To simplify the parameters I'm encapsulating some of them into a context object
class PrinAllPathsContext
{
	public int[][] Matrix { get; set; }
	public int M { get; set; }
	public int N { get; set; }
	public string CurrentMaxSumPath { get; set; }
	public int CurrentMaxSum { get; set; }
	public List<int> CurrentPath { get; set; }
}

public PrintAllPaths(int[][] matrix, int m, int n)
{
	PrinAllPathsContext context = new PrinAllPathsContext()
		{
			Matrix = matrix,
			M = m,
			N = n,
			CurrentMaxSum = int.MinValue,
			CurrentMaxSumPath = null,
			CurrentPath = new List<int>()
		}
	
	// Calling the core method for each of the top elements of the matrix
	for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
	{
		PrintAllPathsCore(context, i, 0, "");
	}
	
	// Printing both the Max Sum and the Path
	if(context.CurrentPath != null)
	{
		Console.WriteLine(string.Format(
			"The max Sum Path was: {0}\nPath: {1}",
			context.CurrentMaxSum,
			PathToString(context.CurrentMaxSumPath));
	}
}

private PrintAllPathsCore(
		context, 
		int currentM,
		int currentN,
		currentSum)
{
	int currentVal = conext.Matrix[currentM][currentN];

	context.CurrentPath.Add(currentVal);
	currentSum += currentVal;

	// Moving N another level
        currentN++;
	if(currentN == n)
	{
		// This means with just worked the last in the path
		Console.WriteLine(PathToString(context.CurrentPath));
		if(currentSum > context.CurrentSumMax)
		{
			context.CurrentSumMax = currentSum;
			context.CurrentSumMaxPath = new List<int>(currentPath);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		// This means that there is another row to go
		if(currentM > 0)
		{
			PrintAllPathsCore(context, currentM -1, currentN, currentSum);
		}

		PrintAllPathsCore(context, currentM, currentN, currentSum);

		if(currentM < (context.M - 1))
		{
			PrinAllPathsCore(context, currentM + 1, currentN, currentSum);
		}
	}

	context.CurrentPath.RemoveAt(context.CurrentPath.Length -1);
}

/// Returns string representation of the path
string PathToString(List<int> currentPath)
{
	StrinbBuilder sb = new stringBuilder();
	foreach(int val in currentPath)
	{
		sb.Add(val.ToString() + "-");
	}
	
	// Removing the extra "-" at the end
	sb.SetLength(currentPath.Length*2 -1);

	return sb.ToString();
}

- Nelson July 24, 2013 | Flag Reply
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of 0 vote

*/
public class MatrixTraversal {
    static int m = 3;
    static int n = 3;
    static int maxSum =0;
            
    public static void main(String args[]){
        int[][] mat= {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
        for(int i=0;i<m;i++){
            traverse(mat,0,i,new ArrayList<Integer>());
        }
        System.out.println(maxSum);
    }

    private static void traverse(int[][] mat,int i,int j,ArrayList<Integer>path){
       if(i>m-1 || i<0 || j>n-1 || j<0)
       {
           System.out.println(path);
           int sum = 0;
           for(int k = 0;k< path.size();k++){
               sum+=path.get(k);
           }if(maxSum < sum) maxSum = sum;
           return;
       }
       
       
      // System.out.println();
       path.add(mat[i][j]);
       traverse(mat,i+1,j+1,new ArrayList<Integer>(path));
       traverse(mat,i+1,j,new ArrayList<Integer>(path));
       traverse(mat,i+1,j-1,new ArrayList<Integer>(path));
       //System.out.print(mat[i][j]);
    }
}

- Anonymous October 29, 2013 | Flag Reply
Comment hidden because of low score. Click to expand.
0
of 0 vote

include<iostream>
using namespace std ;
int matrix1[10][10] ;
int n ;
int temp_array[10];
void print_top_to_down(int , int );
int count=0;
int main()
{
cin>>n;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
cin>>matrix1[i][j];

int i=1 ;
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
print_top_to_down(i,j);
}
return 0 ;
}
void print_top_to_down(int x1 , int y1)
{
if(y1==0 || x1>n || y1>n)
{
return ;
}

if(x1<=n)
{
count=x1-1;
temp_array[count] = matrix1[x1][y1];
include<iostream>
using namespace std ;
int matrix1[10][10] ;
int n ;
int temp_array[10];
void print_top_to_down(int , int );
int count=0;
int main()
{
cin>>n;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
cin>>matrix1[i][j];

int i=1 ;
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
print_top_to_down(i,j);
}
return 0 ;
}
void print_top_to_down(int x1 , int y1)
{
if(y1==0 || x1>n || y1>n)
{
return ;
}

if(x1<=n)
{
count=x1-1;
tinclude<iostream>
using namespace std ;
int matrix1[10][10] ;
int n ;
int temp_array[10];
void print_top_to_down(int , int );
int count=0;
int main()
{
cin>>n;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
cin>>matrix1[i][j];

int i=1 ;
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
print_top_to_down(i,j);
}
return 0 ;
}
void print_top_to_down(int x1 , int y1)
{
if(y1==0 || x1>n || y1>n)
{
return ;
}

if(x1<=n)
{
count=x1-1;
temp_array[count] = matrix1[x1][y1];
count++;
}

if(x1==n)
{
cout<<"\n";
for(int i=0;i<count;i++)
cout<<temp_array[i]<<"\t";
}
print_top_to_down(x1+1,y1-1);
print_top_to_down(x1+1,y1);
print_top_to_down(x1+1,y1+1);
}

- Gaurav Sinha March 22, 2015 | Flag Reply


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